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Java 2D Graphics type = BufferedImage.TYPE_BYTE_GRAY; else if (s.equals(”TYPE_USHORT_GRAY”)) type = BufferedImage.TYPE_USHORT_GRAY; else if (s.equals(”TYPE_USHORT_555_RGB”)) type = BufferedImage.TYPE_USHORT_565_RGB; else if (s.equals(”TYPE_USHORT_565_RGB”)) type = BufferedImage.TYPE_USHORT_565_RGB; else { System.out.println(”Unrecognized type.”); return; } mImage = Utilities.makeBufferedImage(mOriginalImage, type); } protected Checkbox createCheckbox(String label, final int item) { Checkbox check = new Checkbox(label); check.addItemListener(new ItemListener() { public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) { setSwitch(item, (ie.getStateChange() == ie.SELECTED)); } }); return check; } public void timeStep() { Dimension d = getSize(); if (mX + mDeltaX < 0) mDeltaX = -mDeltaX; else if (mX + mWidth + mDeltaX >= d.width) mDeltaX = -mDeltaX; if (mY + mDeltaY < 0) mDeltaY = -mDeltaY; else if (mY + mHeight + mDeltaY >= d.height) mDeltaY = -mDeltaY; mX += mDeltaX; mY += mDeltaY; mTheta += Math.PI / 192; if (mTheta > (2 * Math.PI)) mTheta -= (2 * Math.PI); } public void paint(Graphics g) { Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D)g; setTransform(g2); setBilinear(g2); // Draw the image. g2.drawImage(mImage, AffineTransform.getTranslateInstance(mX, mY), null); } protected void setTransform(Graphics2D g2) { if (mTransform == false) return; float cx = mX + mWidth / 2; float cy = mY + mHeight / 2; g2.rotate(mTheta, cx, cy); } protected void setBilinear(Graphics2D g2) { if (mBilinear == false) return; g2.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_INTERPOLATION, RenderingHints.VALUE_INTERPOLATION_BILINEAR); } } Table 14-3 lists some frame rates for the ImageBouncer example. Table 14-3, Frame Rates for ImageBouncer page 269

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Java 2D Graphics typeChoice.addItemListener(new ItemListener() { public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) { String type = typeChoice.getSelectedItem(); bouncer.setImageType(type); } }); f.setVisible(true); } private boolean mBilinear = false; private boolean mTransform = false; public static final int BILINEAR = 1; public static final int TRANSFORM = 3; private float mDeltaX, mDeltaY; private float mX, mY, mWidth, mHeight; private float mTheta; private Image mOriginalImage; private BufferedImage mImage; public ImageBouncer(Image image) { mOriginalImage = image; setImageType(”TYPE_INT_RGB”); Random random = new Random(); mX = random.nextFloat() * 500; mY = random.nextFloat() * 500; mWidth = mImage.getWidth(); mHeight = mImage.getHeight(); mDeltaX = random.nextFloat() * 3; mDeltaY = random.nextFloat() * 3; // Make sure points are within range. addComponentListener(new ComponentAdapter() { public void componentResized(ComponentEvent ce) { Dimension d = getSize(); if (mX < 0) mX = 0; else if (mX + mWidth >= d.width) mX = d.width - mWidth - 1; if (mY < 0) mY = 0; else if (mY + mHeight >= d.height) mY = d.height - mHeight - 1; } }); } public void setSwitch(int item, boolean value) { switch(item) { case BILINEAR: mBilinear = value; break; case TRANSFORM: mTransform = value; break; default: break; } } public void setImageType(String s) { int type = BufferedImage.TYPE_CUSTOM; if (s.equals(”TYPE_INT_RGB”)) type = BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB; else if (s.equals(”TYPE_INT_ARGB”)) type = BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB; else if (s.equals(”TYPE_INT_ARGB_PRE”)) type = BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB_PRE; else if (s.equals(”TYPE_3BYTE_BGR”)) type = BufferedImage.TYPE_3BYTE_BGR; else if (s.equals(”TYPE_BYTE_GRAY”)) page 268

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Java 2D Graphics Dimension d = getSize(); int cx = d.width / 2; int cy = d.height / 2; g2.translate(cx, cy); if (mShear) g2.shear(mShearX, mShearY); if (mRotate) g2.rotate(mTheta); g2.translate(-cx, -cy); } protected void setPaint(Graphics2D g2) { if (mGradient) { GradientPaint gp = new GradientPaint(0, 0, Color.blue, 50, 25, Color.green, true); g2.setPaint(gp); } else g2.setPaint(Color.orange); } protected void drawAxes(Graphics2D g2) { if (mAxes == false) return; g2.setPaint(getForeground()); g2.setStroke(new BasicStroke()); Dimension d = getSize(); int side = 20; int arrow = 4; int w = d.width / 2, h = d.height / 2; g2.drawLine(w - side, h, w + side, h); g2.drawLine(w + side - arrow, h - arrow, w + side, h); g2.drawLine(w, h - side, w, h + side); g2.drawLine(w + arrow, h + side - arrow, w, h + side); } } Table 14-2 summarizes some relevant frame rates for TextBouncer, as measured on my computer. Table 14-2, Frame Rules for TextBouncer Antialiasing Gradient Shear Rotate Axes Font Frame Rate (fps) Arial 94 x Arial 82 x x Arial 73 x x x Arial 29 x x x Arial 66 x x x x Arial 28 x x x x x Arial 32 x x x x x Times New Roman 36 x x x x x Lucida Bright Regular 32 What can you learn from this application? The results of this application are counter-intuitive: Using the gradient paint actually speeds things up when antialiasing is being used. The font used is significant, especially with complex rendering. Although you might expect serif fonts like Times New Roman to be slower than sans serif fonts, this is not the case. Although the shearing transformation costs very little, the rotation is expensive. Remember, performance is likely to vary from one system to another and from one release to another. I suggest you try these applications out for yourself. page 266

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Java 2D Graphics 14.2.5 Animated Images I’ve discussed how shapes and text perform under different circumstances. Now let’s take a look at the third graphic type images. There aren’t quite as many variables to fiddle with, mostly because the image contains its own color data. The current Paint of the Graphics2D doesn’t affect how images are drawn. Even antialiasing isn’t a factor. Several aspects of images are important for performance. The following example animates an image, in the same spirit as Bouncer and TextBouncer. The running application is shown in Figure 15.32. A small image bounces around the window. You can choose to transform the image as it is rendered, and you can choose from a short list of image storage types. The transformation is a simple rotation, performed at the center of the image. You can, however, choose the interpolation algorithm that is used when the image is rotated. This algorithm specifies how the colors of the rotated image are determined. The default is the “nearest neighbor” algorithm, which is fast but sloppy. As the example runs, you can see the “jaggies” that result from this algorithm in the borders between the hair on my head and the background of the image. If you instead use “bilinear interpolation” (by checking the Bilinear checkbox), the rotated picture will be higher quality, but the animation will be slower. The combo box lets you choose what basic image type will be rendered. Some image types require color conversions before the image can be rendered on your screen. For example, if the base type is TYPE_BYTE_GRAY and you have a color display, the grayscale pixels of the image will have to be converted to red, green, and blue values before the image can be displayed on the screen. Here’s the code for the ImageBouncer example: import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.awt.geom.*; import java.awt.image.*; import java.util.Random; public class ImageBouncer extends AnimationComponent { public static void main(String[] args) { String filename = “knudsen.gif”; if (args.length > 0) filename = args[0]; Image image = Utilities.blockingLoad(filename); final ImageBouncer bouncer = new ImageBouncer(image); Frame f = new AnimationFrame(bouncer); f.setFont(new Font(”Serif”, Font.PLAIN, 12)); Panel controls = new Panel(); controls.add(bouncer.createCheckbox(”Bilinear”, ImageBouncer.BILINEAR)); controls.add(bouncer.createCheckbox(”Transform”,ImageBouncer.TRANSFORM)); final Choice typeChoice = new Choice(); typeChoice.add(”TYPE_INT_RGB”); typeChoice.add(”TYPE_INT_ARGB”); typeChoice.add(”TYPE_INT_ARGB_PRE”); typeChoice.add(”TYPE_3BYTE_BGR”); typeChoice.add(”TYPE_BYTE_GRAY”); typeChoice.add(”TYPE_USHORT_GRAY”); typeChoice.add(”TYPE_USHORT_555_RGB”); typeChoice.add(”TYPE_USHORT_565_RGB”); controls.add(typeChoice); f.add(controls, BorderLayout.NORTH); page 267

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Java 2D Graphics else if (mY + mHeight >= d.height) mY = d.height - mHeight - 1; } }); } public void setSwitch(int item, boolean value) { switch(item) { case ANTIALIASING: mAntialiasing = value; break; case GRADIENT: mGradient = value; break; case SHEAR: mShear = value; break; case ROTATE: mRotate = value; break; case AXES: mAxes = value; break; default: break; } } protected Checkbox createCheckbox(String label, final int item) { Checkbox check = new Checkbox(label); check.addItemListener(new ItemListener() { public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) { setSwitch(item, (ie.getStateChange() == ie.SELECTED)); } }); return check; } public void timeStep() { Dimension d = getSize(); if (mX + mDeltaX < 0) mDeltaX = -mDeltaX; else if (mX + mWidth + mDeltaX >= d.width) mDeltaX = -mDeltaX; if (mY + mDeltaY < 0) mDeltaY = -mDeltaY; else if (mY + mHeight + mDeltaY >= d.height) mDeltaY = -mDeltaY; mX += mDeltaX; mY += mDeltaY; mTheta += Math.PI / 192; if (mTheta > (2 * Math.PI)) mTheta -= (2 * Math.PI); if (mShearX + mShearDeltaX > .5) mShearDeltaX = -mShearDeltaX; else if (mShearX + mShearDeltaX < -.5) mShearDeltaX = -mShearDeltaX; if (mShearY + mShearDeltaY > .5) mShearDeltaY = -mShearDeltaY; else if (mShearY + mShearDeltaY < -.5) mShearDeltaY = -mShearDeltaY; mShearX += mShearDeltaX; mShearY += mShearDeltaY; } public void paint(Graphics g) { Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D)g; setAntialiasing(g2); setTransform(g2); setPaint(g2); // Draw the string. g2.setFont(getFont()); g2.drawString(mString, mX, mY + mHeight); drawAxes(g2); } protected void setAntialiasing(Graphics2D g2) { if (mAntialiasing == false) return; g2.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON); } protected void setTransform(Graphics2D g2) { page 265

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Java 2D Graphics final TextBouncer bouncer = new TextBouncer(s, defaultFont); Frame f = new AnimationFrame(bouncer); f.setFont(new Font(”Serif”, Font.PLAIN, 12)); controls.add(bouncer.createCheckbox(”Antialiasing”, TextBouncer.ANTIALIASING)); controls.add(bouncer.createCheckbox(”Gradient”, TextBouncer.GRADIENT)); controls.add(bouncer.createCheckbox(”Shear”, TextBouncer.SHEAR)); controls.add(bouncer.createCheckbox(”Rotate”, TextBouncer.ROTATE)); controls.add(bouncer.createCheckbox(”Axes”, TextBouncer.AXES)); Panel fontControls = new Panel(); choice.addItemListener(new ItemListener() { public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) { Font font = new Font(choice.getSelectedItem(), Font.PLAIN, size); bouncer.setFont(font); } }); fontControls.add(choice); Panel allControls = new Panel(new GridLayout(2, 1)); allControls.add(controls); allControls.add(fontControls); f.add(allControls, BorderLayout.NORTH); f.setVisible(true); } private boolean mAntialiasing = false, mGradient = false; private boolean mShear = false, mRotate = false, mAxes = false; public static final int ANTIALIASING = 0; public static final int GRADIENT = 1; public static final int SHEAR = 2; public static final int ROTATE = 3; public static final int AXES = 5; private float mDeltaX, mDeltaY; private float mX, mY, mWidth, mHeight; private float mTheta; private float mShearX, mShearY, mShearDeltaX, mShearDeltaY; private String mString; public TextBouncer(String s, Font f) { mString = s; setFont(f); Random random = new Random(); mX = random.nextFloat() * 500; mY = random.nextFloat() * 500; mDeltaX = random.nextFloat() * 3; mDeltaY = random.nextFloat() * 3; mShearX = random.nextFloat() / 2; mShearY = random.nextFloat() / 2; mShearDeltaX = mShearDeltaY = .05f; FontRenderContext frc = new FontRenderContext(null, true, false); Rectangle2D bounds = getFont().getStringBounds(mString, frc); mWidth = (float)bounds.getWidth(); mHeight = (float)bounds.getHeight(); // Make sure points are within range. addComponentListener(new ComponentAdapter() { public void componentResized(ComponentEvent ce) { Dimension d = getSize(); if (mX < 0) mX = 0; else if (mX + mWidth >= d.width) mX = d.width - mWidth - 1; if (mY < 0) mY = 0; page 264

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Java 2D Graphics g2.rotate(mTheta, d.width / 2, d.height / 2); } protected Shape createShape() { GeneralPath path = new GeneralPath(GeneralPath.WIND_EVEN_ODD, mPoints.length); path.moveTo(mPoints[0], mPoints[1]); for (int i = 2; i < mN; i += 6) path.curveTo(mPoints[i], mPoints[i + 1], mPoints[i + 2], mPoints[i + 3], mPoints[i + 4], mPoints[i + 5]); path.closePath(); return path; } protected void setPaint(Graphics2D g2) { if (mGradient) { GradientPaint gp = new GradientPaint(0, 0, Color.yellow, 50, 25, Color.red, true); g2.setPaint(gp); } else g2.setPaint(Color.orange); } protected void setStroke(Graphics2D g2) { if (mDotted == false) return; // Create a dotted stroke. Stroke stroke = new BasicStroke(1, BasicStroke.CAP_BUTT, BasicStroke.JOIN_ROUND, 10, new float[] { 4, 4 }, 0); g2.setStroke(stroke); } protected void drawAxes(Graphics2D g2) { if (mAxes == false) return; g2.setPaint(getForeground()); g2.setStroke(new BasicStroke()); Dimension d = getSize(); int side = 20; int arrow = 4; int w = d.width / 2, h = d.height / 2; g2.drawLine(w - side, h, w + side, h); g2.drawLine(w + side - arrow, h - arrow, w + side, h); g2.drawLine(w, h - side, w, h + side); g2.drawLine(w + arrow, h + side - arrow, w, h + side); } } You can learn quite a bit from this application. Table 14-1 shows some results when testing under the following conditions: JDK 1.2 build V Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 3 266 MHz Pentium II processor Matrox Millenium II display card, set to "True Color" and 1152 by 864 pixels 64 MB physical memory The frame rates are approximate, as they fluctuate based on the size of the rendered shape as well as changing system conditions. page 262

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Java 2D Graphics Table 14-1, Frame Rates for the Bouncer Animation Antialiasing Transform Gradient Outline Dotted Axes Clip Frame Rate (fps) 70 x 70 x x 70 x x x 66 x x x x 21 x x x x x 15 x x x x x x 12 x 42 x x 37 x x x 37 x x x x 32 x x x x x 15 x x x x x x 17 x x x x x x x 14 There are a few interesting tidbits to be gleaned from Table 14-1: The rotational transformation costs almost nothing at all. Drawing the dotted outline is much slower than drawing a solid outline. This makes sense, since each dot of the outline is a separate shape. The solid outline could be one shape. The combination of a clipping shape and a dotted outline actually performs faster when antialiasing is on. 14.2.4 Animated Text This section contains an application, structurally similar to Bouncer, which will help you examine the performance properties of rendering text. Figure 15.31 shows the application, TextBouncer. TextBouncer is a lot like Bouncer, but it adds support for choosing the font that will be used to display the text. It also includes separate checkboxes for shearing and rotational transformations. Here’s the example application: import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.awt.font.*; import java.awt.geom.*; import java.util.Random; public class TextBouncerextends AnimationComponent { public static void main(String[] args) { String s = “Firenze”; final int size = 64; if (args.length > 0) s = args[0]; Panel controls = new Panel(); final Choice choice = new Choice(); GraphicsEnvironment ge = GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment(); Font[] allFonts = ge.getAllFonts(); for (int i = 0; i < allFonts.length; i++) choice.addItem(allFonts[i].getName()); Font defaultFont = new Font(allFonts[0].getName(), Font.PLAIN, size); page 263

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Java 2D Graphics public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) { setSwitch(item, (ie.getStateChange() == ie.SELECTED)); } }); return check; } public void timeStep() { Dimension d = getSize(); for (int i = 0; i < mN; i++) { float value = mPoints[i] + mDeltas[i]; int limit = ((i % 2) == 0) ? d.width : d.height; if (value < 0 || value > limit) { mDeltas[i] = -mDeltas[i]; mPoints[i] += mDeltas[i]; } else mPoints[i] = value; } mTheta += Math.PI / 192; if (mTheta > (2 * Math.PI)) mTheta -= (2 * Math.PI); } public void paint(Graphics g) { Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D)g; setAntialiasing(g2); setClip(g2); setTransform(g2); Shape shape = createShape(); setPaint(g2); // Fill the shape. g2.fill(shape); // Maybe draw the outline. if (mOutline) { setStroke(g2); g2.setPaint(Color.blue); g2.draw(shape); } drawAxes(g2); } protected void setAntialiasing(Graphics2D g2) { if (mAntialiasing == false) return; g2.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON); } protected void setClip(Graphics2D g2) { if (mClip == false) return; if (mClipShape == null) { Dimension d = getSize(); FontRenderContext frc = g2.getFontRenderContext(); Font font = new Font(”Serif”, Font.PLAIN, 144); String s = “Spoon!”; GlyphVector gv = font.createGlyphVector(frc, s); Rectangle2D bounds = font.getStringBounds(s, frc); mClipShape = gv.getOutline((d.width - (float)bounds.getWidth()) / 2, (d.height + (float)bounds.getHeight()) / 2); } g2.clip(mClipShape); } protected void setTransform(Graphics2D g2) { if (mTransform == false) return; Dimension d = getSize(); page 261

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Java 2D Graphics controls.add(bouncer.createCheckbox(”Dotted”, Bouncer.DOTTED)); controls.add(bouncer.createCheckbox(”Axes”, Bouncer.AXES)); controls.add(bouncer.createCheckbox(”Clip”, Bouncer.CLIP)); f.add(controls, BorderLayout.NORTH); f.setVisible(true); } // Tweakable variables private boolean mAntialiasing, mGradient, mOutline; private boolean mTransform, mDotted, mAxes, mClip; // …and the constants that represent them. See setSwitch(). public static final int ANTIALIASING = 0; public static final int GRADIENT = 1; public static final int OUTLINE = 2; public static final int TRANSFORM = 3; public static final int DOTTED = 4; public static final int AXES = 5; public static final int CLIP = 6; private float[] mPoints; private float[] mDeltas; private float mTheta; private int mN; private Shape mClipShape; public Bouncer() { mN = 38; mPoints = new float[mN]; mDeltas = new float[mN]; Random random = new Random(); for (int i = 0; i < mN; i++) { mPoints[i] = random.nextFloat() * 500; mDeltas[i] = random.nextFloat() * 3; } // Make sure points are within range. addComponentListener(new ComponentAdapter() { public void componentResized(ComponentEvent ce) { Dimension d = getSize(); for (int i = 0; i < mN; i++) { int limit = ((i % 2) == 0) ? d.width : d.height; if (mPoints[i] < 0) mPoints[i] = 0; else if (mPoints[i] >= limit) mPoints[i] = limit - 1; } } }); } public void setSwitch(int item, boolean value) { switch(item) { case ANTIALIASING: mAntialiasing = value; break; case GRADIENT: mGradient = value; break; case OUTLINE: mOutline = value; break; case TRANSFORM: mTransform = value; break; case DOTTED: mDotted = value; break; case AXES: mAxes = value; break; case CLIP: mClip = value; break; default: break; } } protected Checkbox createCheckbox(String label, final int item) { Checkbox check = new Checkbox(label); check.addItemListener(new ItemListener() { page 260

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